Differences in age-related effects on brain volume in Down syndrome as compared to Williams syndrome and typical development.

For the first regression analysis, the interaction model term Group (DS versus TD)x Age, comparing the relationship between volume and age between DS and TD groups, remained significant after Bonferroni correction for the left superior parietal lobe, and in all other ROIs found significant in primary analyses, the interaction term was nominally significant at an unadjusted P < .05.

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The highly significant P -values we observed seem to be driven in part by one DS outlier, but the trends did not change when the outliers were removed (Additional file 1 : Figure S1).

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While APOE ε4 carrier status showed a trend for association with regional brain volume, a larger sample size will be needed to accurately estimate this effect.

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