Urinary metabolic profiles in early pregnancy are associated with preterm birth and fetal growth restriction in the Rhea mother-child cohort study.

However, only three of the six candidate metabolites for SPB, namely formate, lysine and the singlet at 0.63 ppm, showed a significant trend (Table 3 ).

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Out of the eight candidate metabolites for FGR and the two metabolites applying to both PB and IPB, all showed a trend in frequency of birth outcomes across quartiles, therefore showing a dose–response relationship between levels of candidate metabolites and the outcome incidence.

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