Labels direct infants' attention to commonalities during novel category learning.

PLoS One · 2014 · PMC4094422 · PMID 25014254

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0040

closest p · 0.1× alpha

0.0760

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp = .004actually significant

For the first time window, 1–1000 ms, this revealed a highly significant interaction of Block×Age×Condition (F(2,98) = 5.89, p = .004).

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approached significancep = .070so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The difference between the Visual-only and Label condition ( M = 2732 ms, SE = 175 ms) also approached significance ( t (69) = 1.84, p = .070), indicating that infants in the conditions with verbal input in general had longer looking times than those in the Visual-only condition.

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marginally significantp = .076so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

approaching significancep = .109not close (p > 0.1)

In Block 2, by contrast, infants in the No Label condition exhibited more looking at the low-variability part than those in either the Label (marginally significant: F (1,47) = 3.298, p = .076) or the Visual-only condition (approaching significance: F (1,47) = 2.667, p = .109).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.