Virtual bystanders in a language lesson: examining the effect of social evaluation, vicarious experience, cognitive consistency and praising on students' beliefs, self-efficacy and anxiety in a virtual reality environment.

PLoS One · 2015 · PMC4401547 · PMID 25884211

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0800

closest p · 1.6× alpha

0.0800

boldest claim

The sentences

approaching significancep = .08so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Although the results did not show any significant effect, Table 6 shows a two-way interaction between bystanders’ attitude towards the participants and virtual peer speakers approaching significance ( p = .08).

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approached significanceno p-value reported

Although no significant effect for bystanders’ attitude toward the participants on participants’ perceived performance ( H1a ) was found for the whole dataset, the effect approached significance in the hypothesized direction.

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