Does the transparency of the counting system affect children's numerical abilities?

The ANCOVA revealed no significant group difference for the 0–20 number line estimation errors [ F (1, 37) = 2.77; p = 0.11; partial eta 2 = 0.05], but did reveal a significant difference for the overall estimation error score [ F (1, 37) = 4.36, p = 0.044; partial eta 2 = 0.11], and a borderline significant difference for estimation errors in the 0–100 number line task, [ F (1, 37) = 3.77, p = 0.06; partial eta 2 = 0.092].

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A Kolmogorov-Smirnov independent-samples test failed to reach significance ( p = 0.172); while a Moses Test of Extreme Reaction showed a significant difference between the ranges of the two groups, with a higher range in the English group ( p = 0.02).

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The ANCOVA revealed no group difference even approaching significance for numbers under 10 [ F (1, 37) = 0.005; p = 0.95], but did reveal a significant difference for numbers over 10 [ F (1, 37) = 5.43, p = 0.025; partial eta 2 = 0.13].

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Estimation errors were lower in the Welsh-medium group for all these tasks, though the difference only approached significance for the 0–100 task ( M = 19.05, SD = 5.52 for the Welsh-medium pupils compared to M = 21.69, SD = 8.42 for the English-medium pupils); and reached it for the overall estimation error score ( M = 16.06, SD = 4.66 for the Welsh-medium pupils and M = 19.1, SD = 8.57 for the English-medium pupils).

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