Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with decreased CD4+ & CD8+ T cells and increased growth & differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in peripheral blood.

IL-6 and IL-8 levels in sputum also increased slightly during AE-COPD, but did not reach statistical significance (IL-6: stable, 117.1 ± 108.2 pg/mL vs. during AE-COPD, 225.9 ± 193.5 pg/mL; IL-8: stable, 3.7×10 3 ± 2.6×10 3 ng/mL vs.

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Interestingly, CCL11 showed a trend to decrease during AE-COPD (Fig. 5f ), which did not attain statistical significance (stable, 79.7 ± 41.1 pg/mL vs.

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