Disrupted habenula function in major depression.

As expected, the habenula response to parametrically varying shock CS value was positive in HVs, and showed a trend towards differing from zero ( t (24)=1.55, P =0.066 (one tailed).

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27 Although we note that this effect narrowly missed statistical significance in the full sample of HVs, our confidence in this finding is bolstered not only by the fact that it replicates our previous result in an independent sample, 27 but also that when we excluded two HVs who scored in the mild–moderate range for depression on the BDI, the habenula response to shock CS value achieved statistical significance.

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The model for SHAPS was significant (F(6, 38)=7.56, P <0.001, r 2 =0.544): group (patients scored higher: t (44)=4.96, P <0.001) and habenula volume (negative: t (44)=2.79, P =0.008) were significant predictors of anhedonia (higher anhedonia corresponding to smaller volume; Figure 2c ), with no other predictors approaching significance (all P s>0.4).

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