Observed strengthening of interbasin exchange via the Indonesian seas due to rainfall intensification.

For example, during the period from 1970 to 2010, the ITF S ′ exhibits a clear trend that is greater than the interdecadal variability (Figure 1 g), but the IPO index shows no significant trend during the same period.

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In contrast, the precipitation during the past four decades shows a significant increasing trend in the Indonesian seas and far western Pacific Ocean but a decreasing trend in the central western Pacific Ocean, which is likely related to the global warming due to external forcing ( Figure S6 ).

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Keywords: Indonesian Throughflow, rainfall, salinity, decadal, Indo‐Pacific Key Points Salinity effect dominates an increasing trend of the ITF transport during the past decade Freshening and strengthening of the ITF transport are related to enhanced rainfall Strengthening of the ITF transport contributes to warming and freshening in the Indian Ocean status released display-pdf yes is-in-collection-domain yes is-olf no is-manuscript no is-preprint no is-journal-matter no is-scanned no is-retracted no Received 2016 Dec 30; Accepted 2017 Jan 28; Issue date 2017 Feb 16. 1.

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While the salinity difference in Scheme‐B has decreased by an insignificant rate of about −0.01 PSS‐78 decade −1 (Figure 2 e), the salinity transport from the Indonesian seas shows a significant trend about −2.8 PSS‐78 Sv decade −1 (Figure 2 d) due to the enhancement of the ITF.

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