Effect of short-term heart rate variability biofeedback on long-term abstinence in alcohol dependent patients - a one-year follow-up.

Similarly, the intention-to-treat analysis, where patients who have not completed follow-up were considered to have relapsed, also showed a trend toward higher abstinence rates among patients who had undergone HRV-biofeedback than those who underwent rehabilitation alone (Fig. 1 ).

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While long-term abstinence has not been assessed in this study, the observed weak short-term effect on HRV might offer an explanation why in our study changes in abstinence 1 year post-intervention did not reach statistical significance.

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