Developing and diagnosing climate change indicators of regional aerosol optical properties.

Despite reductions in anthropogenic aerosol precursor gas emissions, it is worthy of note that primary aerosol emissions exhibit a significant trend only in the NW, GPu, and MW (Fig. 5 ), and that biogenic VOC, dust, and wildfire emissions exert a substantial impact on aerosol burdens and optical properties 40 , 41 .

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Further ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions exhibit a negative trend in all regions except the MW and NE, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions exhibit a negative trend in all regions except the NW and SE (Figure 5) 36 .

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τ b > 0 indicates a positive trend and τ b < 0 indicates a negative trend.

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