Agricultural fungicides inadvertently influence the fitness of Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and their susceptibility to insecticides.

Two xenobiotic pesticides, chlorothalonil and imidacloprid, increased the gene expression ratio of a glutathione synthetase transcript (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05 respectively) while boscalid did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.21) (Fig. 4 ).

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While there is a clear trend in increased applications of fungicides in Midwest and Eastern regions when compared to the arid West, the overall amount of neonicotinoid insecticide applied to potato over this same interval remains relatively constant (Fig. 5A ).

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