Retinoic acid signaling balances adult distal lung epithelial progenitor cell growth and differentiation.

In organoids cultured in ATRA-free media, quantitative immunofluorescence revealed addition of ATRA caused an increase in the proportion of proSFTPC + /ACT − alveolar organoids that did not reach statistical significance (ATRA [0 nM] 56·7 ± 4%, ATRA [100 nM] 70·1 ± 3%, p = 0·0657; Fig. 2 G), with a concomitant significant decrease in proSFTPC − /ACT − organoids (ATRA [0 nM] 25·5 ± 3%, ATRA [100 nM] 12·1 ± 1%, p < 0·05; Fig. 2 G).

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2 F), whereas Trp63 showed a trend to decrease after BMS493, and Muc5ac was unchanged, which may reflect very low expression at baseline ( Fig. 2 F).

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