Mini-GAGR, an intranasally applied polysaccharide, activates the neuronal Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system.

SOD1 and GPx4 showed a trend of decrease in protein levels in 3xTg-AD mice compared with WT (SOD1, 14,800.9 ± 1070.9 for WT versus 12,233.9 ± 625.3 for 3xTg-AD mice, p = 0.065; GPx4, 23,992.3 ± 833.4 for WT versus 19,172.9 ± 2230.5 for 3xTg-AD mice, p = 0.071).

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Conversely, the reducing effect of mini-GAGR on ROS and MDA in H 2 O 2 -exposed neurons, however, did not reach statistical significance.

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Gracilin A was reported to reduce Aβ 42 and p-tau and produce a positive trend of an improvement in primary latency at 24 h after the final training in 3xTg-AD mice during the Morris water maze ( 13 ).

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