<i>In vivo</i> Neutralization of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines During Secondary <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Infection Post Influenza A Virus Infection.

In conclusion, even though the neutralization of IFN-γ failed to restore bacterial clearance and to significantly reduce bacterial outgrowth in the respiratory tract of co-infected mice as predicted by the mathematical model, we observed a strong trend for a potential therapeutic benefit via reducing the bacterial burden in the airways of co-infected animals.

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While IFN-γ levels were significantly reduced in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of the antibody-treated co-infected mice, the reduction of IL-6 levels was substantial despite it did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 3B ).

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While the neutralization of IFN-γ and IL-6 alone led to marginally increased bacterial loads in the respiratory tract of co-infected mice, their simultaneous neutralization led to a small trend for decreased respiratory bacterial burdens.

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