It showed an increasing trend before 1998 and a decreasing trend after 1998, confirming the weakening of the MH intensity during the GWH period (Fig. 5a ).
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Global warming hiatus contributed weakening of the Mascarene High in the Southern Indian Ocean.
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Similar to SST, upper ocean heat content (0–200 m) and sea level anomaly show a positive trend during the GWH period (Fig. 2b ) confirming the warming of the upper water column during the period.
SST anomaly in the MH region shows a negative trend during the preGWH and positive trend during the GWH (Fig. 2a ; red line).
The lack of a significant trend in rainfall was mainly due to Indian monsoon is a complex nonlinear phenomenon involving atmosphere, ocean, and land-based processes 34 .