Elevated plasma cotinine is associated with an increased risk of developing IBD, especially among users of combusted tobacco.

Univariable conditional logistic regression There was a significant trend for developing IBD with a higher number of self-reported cigarettes per day (p = 0.023), but there was no significance in the risk for IBD when analysing each category of number of cigarettes ( Table 2 ).

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The findings were similar for UC- and CD-cases, but did not reach statistical significance in CD-cases.

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