The sputum microbiome is distinct between COPD and health, independent of smoking history.

1 a); followed by higher Streptococcus and lower Prevotella at the genus level but these differences did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 1 b).

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Healthy smokers with ≥10 PY smoking history showed a trend towards a higher ratio of Streptococcus to Prevotella .

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