56 proposed a modified GRACE-based drought index called modified total storage deficit index (MTSDI), designed to obtain drought information consistent with meteorological variability even when there is a significant trend in the data.
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Using GRACE satellite observations for separating meteorological variability from anthropogenic impacts on water availability.
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Generally, TWSDI time series follow the trend in the original TWSA (here, a negative trend).
In areas where water consumption is higher than replenishment rate, GRACE observations typically indicate a decreasing trend.