Proximity-based vocal networks reveal social relationships in the Southern white rhinoceros.

Additionally, high defensive interaction rates showed a trend in predicting high Pant rates.

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In Grunt, there was a strong trend indicating that similar as in Hiss, females emitted more Grunts than males (mean Females ± SD = 0.397 ± 0.621 calls/hour; mean Males ± SD = 0.061 ± 0.162 calls/hour, t = − 2.068, p = 0.053).

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The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05, p < 0.1 was considered a statistical trend.

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