Measuring the effect of environmental stress on inbreeding depression alone obscures the relative importance of inbreeding-stress interactions on overall fitness in <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>.

However, the two‐way combination of temperature and host stress showed a strong trend for increasing the magnitude of inbreeding depression in BF (Figure 2b ).

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In contrast to our results for inbreeding depression ( δ ), the reduction in fitness under combinations of two stressors showed a trend for being greater than additive (p.p. for β I × H < 0 = 0.84–0.99, β I × T < 0 = 0.90–0.99, β H × T < 0 > 0.99) (Figure 4a ).

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