The New Immuno-Oncology-Based Therapies and Their Perspectives in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

For nivolumab in CheckMate-459 [ 20 ], outcomes were disappointing, although with a strong trend for efficacy of pembrolizumab vs. placebo.

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Treatment effect on OS in predefined subsets showed a trend for better benefit in: (i) viral vs. non-viral-induced HCC with an unstratified HR (95% CI) of 0.77 (0.56–1.05) for HBV, 0.71 (0.49–1.01) for HCV, and 0.95 (0.74–1.22) for non-viral; (ii) presence (HR 0.74 [0.61–0.90]) vs. absence (HR 1.14 [0.81–1.62]) of macrovascular invasion and/or extrahepatic spread; and (iii) AFP with high baseline level ≥ 200 ng/mL (HR 0.69 [0.53–0.89]) vs. low level < 200 ng/mL (HR 0.99 [0.78–1.26]).

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