T_FH Cells Induced by Vaccination and Following SIV Challenge Support Env-Specific Humoral Immunity in the Rectal-Genital Tract and Circulation of Female Rhesus Macaques.

Although the frequency of CD95 + PD-1 + cT FH cells induced at week 38 + 3 days showed a trend toward a significant negative correlation with Env-specific IgA titers in rectal tissue, frequencies of total cT FH cells induced at the same time point exhibited a strong positive correlation with rectal IgA titers, suggesting a role for cT FH cells in supporting rectal IgA responses.

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A significant positive correlation was observed between the frequency of absolute cT FH cells and acute viremia ( Figure 7A ), and a positive trend was seen with chronic viremia ( Figure 7B ).

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However, a significant trend in elevation of GC T FH cells was seen at week 15, 2 weeks following the 2 nd Ad5-SIV administration, and a concurrent decrease of the cT FH population was observed at the same timepoint ( Figures 1E and 4B ).

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We also detected a trend toward significance in elevated magnitude of PD-1 + CD25 + Env-specific cT FH cells at week 41 in comparison to the pre-vaccination timepoint ( Figure 4G ), suggesting vaccine-dependent induction of Env-specific cT FH cells with a GC-T FH like phenotype.

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When non-normalized percentages were compared by paired analysis between animals of the same group, a marginally significant increase in GC ESM B cells at day 3 post-2 nd boost was observed in comparison to pre-vaccine levels ( Figure 2I ).

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