DNA methylation perturbations may link altered development and aging in the lung.

The COPD cases showed a trend for accelerated aging compared to subjects without COPD (Estimate: 2.20; 95% CI: -1.04, 5.44; P=0.18, Table 3 ); however males demonstrated significant epigenetic age acceleration compared to females that stayed robust after adjustment with covariates in the multivariate model (Estimate: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.13, 3.83; P=0.036, Table 3 ).

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Investigating smoking cessation behaviors, there was a suggestive trend for association between age acceleration and recent smoke cessation only within females compared to males in the multivariate model.

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