Protein/AS01<sub>B</sub> vaccination elicits stronger, more Th2-skewed antigen-specific human T follicular helper cell responses than heterologous viral vectors.

While no significant differences in the frequency of Tregs within the total CD4 + T cell population were observed within or between trials at any time point ( Figure S3 ), there was a highly significant increase in cTfr-phenotype cells between days 0 and 7 within the protein/AS01 B vaccinees (p = 0.0001), and the frequency at day 7 was significantly greater than that of ChAd63-MVA vaccinees (p = 0.0017; Figure 1 E).

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Within the PfRH5-specific CD4 + T cell population, we observed a trend toward a higher proportion of CXCR5 + (cTfh) cells in protein/AS01 B as compared to ChAd63-MVA vaccinees at all post-vaccination time points ( Figure 2 B), which was weakly significant at day 7 (p = 0.0471).

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Only IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were higher in ChAd63-MVA vaccinees, although differences in the concentrations of these cytokines between trials did not reach statistical significance ( Figure S5 ).

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