Chondrogenic and BMP-4 primings confer osteogenesis potential to human cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells delivered with biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics.

A decreasing trend was observed also for MSX2, which showed similar expression levels for BMSCs and CBMSCs (Fig. 4 B) compared to the tenfold upregulation observed in 2D unprimed conditions for CBMSCs (Fig. 3 A).

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Upon priming, BMSCs showed a trend of increased expression for ALP, TWIST1 and SOX5 (osteogenic priming), DLX3, ACAN, SOX5 (BMP-4 priming), RUNX2 and SOX5 (chondrogenic priming) (Fig. 3 C), although only BMP-4 priming-induced upregulation of ACAN gene expression reached statistical significance.

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While there was a trend towards an increased number of blood vessels in sections of unprimed CBMSC samples compared to their BMSC counterparts, this did not reach statistical significance.

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