The effect of intramuscular injection technique on injection associated pain; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PLoS One · 2021 · PMC8092782 · PMID 33939726

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Both the Z track and cold needle IMI techniques reduced injection pain but did not reach statistical significance.

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failed to reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

However, as shown in Table 4 , the pooled estimate for the ShotBlocker technique failed to reach statistical significance (2 studies, SMD = -0.51 [-1.58,0.56]).

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