Sixty years of gender representation in children's books: Conditions associated with overrepresentation of male versus female protagonists.

Neither male nor female authors significantly decreased their representation of male non-human characters, but when books targeted towards teens were excluded from this analysis, we found a significant trend towards parity for male authors ( B = -0.02, Z = -1.96, p = 0.0499, OR = 0.98, 95% CI = [0.96, 0.99]) and a marginal trend for female authors ( B = -0.02, Z = -1.77 p = 0.077, OR = 0.98, 95% CI = [0.95, 1.00]).

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Male authors overrepresented male protagonists across all age groups, and there was a trend of increasing male overrepresentation as a function of the age of the target audience in books authored by males, though this effect did not reach statistical significance ( B = 0.11, Z = 1.81, p = .071, OR = 1.12, 95% CI = [0.99, 1.27]).

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During this time, there has been an increasing trend towards parity, though male protagonists remain overrepresented compared to female protagonists.

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