Manufacturing doubt: Assessing the effects of independent vs industry-sponsored messaging about the harms of fossil fuels, smoking, alcohol, and sugar sweetened beverages.

Despite this, there was a clear trend towards greater uncertainty arising from industry-sponsored information, showing that the alternative causation arguments used by industry and industry-funded organizations are generally effective, and their effects are achieved by increasing levels of uncertainty in the mind of the public.

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The increase in uncertainty/false certainty was found across all industries, though for the trials exploring the messaging on sugary drinks and obesity (OR 1·26, 95% CI 0·99–1·60), and alcohol and pregnancy (OR 1·29, 95% CI 0·97–1·72), the association did not reach statistical significance.

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