Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin System Disrupts the Cytoskeletal Architecture of Human Urine-Derived Podocytes.

RPMI already showed expression of all three proteins, which were necessary for podocyte functionality, the addition of retinoic acid significantly increased the protein expression levels of nephrin ( p = 0.04), with fold changes ranging from 1.4 to 14.95, and a strong trend towards significance for synaptopodin ( p = 0.12) with fold changes ranging from 1.5 to 7.8 was observed ( Figure 2 a,b and Supplementary Figure S1j ).

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While AGTR1 expression showed a trend of downregulation with fold changes ranging between 0.6 and 0.9, AGTR2 was found to be upregulated with fold changes ranging between 1.2 and 2.2 in podocytes derived under low density cultivation from all three individuals after 6 h ( Figure 4 b,c).

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