Combined Aerobic Exercise and Neurofeedback Lead to Improved Task-Relevant Intrinsic Network Synchrony.

Participants in the Running and the Combined groups showed a large increase in their VO2-max levels, compared to those in the Control and NFB groups (shown in Figure 2 ), as revealed by post-hoc independent samples t -tests thresholded at a Bonferroni-corrected alpha level of 0.0125 (0.05/4); specifically, there were significant differences between the Running and Control groups [ t (36) = 4.548, p < 0.001, dz = 0.738], Combined and Control groups [ t (32) = 3.401, p = 0.002, dz = 0.567], Running and NFB groups [ t (38) = 3.088, p = 0.004, dz = 0.690], and a marginally non-significant difference between the Combined and NFB groups [ t (34) = 2.574, p = 0.015, dz = 0.429].

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However, the interaction effect of Group x Session for the non-responders in the NFB and Combined groups in this study showed a trend effect and did not reach statistical significance after correcting for multiple comparisons [ F (1,25) = 1.37, p-FDR = 0.253, η 2 = 0.284], potentially due to limited sample size.

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