Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer: An Umbrella Review of Observational and Mendelian Randomization Studies.

A “highly suggestive association” required a random effects model P value smaller than 10 −6 , more than 1,000 cancer cases, and nominally significant results in the largest study included ( P < 0.05). “Suggestive” associations had a random effects P value smaller than 10 −3 and more than 1,000 cases.

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The associations of genetically predicted T2DM and/or insulin concentrations with risk of colorectal, hepatocellular, and gallbladder cancers did not reach statistical significance in an MR study conducted in the UK Biobank cohort, but this study had relatively small number of cancer cases.

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