Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated in acute HIV infection prevents residual dysfunction of HIV-specific CD8⁺ T cells.

2 On the other hand, memory HIV-specific CD8 + T cells in people treated from CHI showed a trend toward higher expression of TOX and significantly higher PD-1 expression than cells in people treated from AHI ( P > 0.0001 and P = 0.05, respectively; Figure 3 c and d).

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We also confirmed that HIV-specific CD8 + T cells during CHI had an exhausted phenotype with higher expression of the transcription factor associated with T cell exhaustion, TOX, and a strong trend toward higher expression of the activation/check point protein PD-1 compared to those in AHI ( Figure 2 d and e).

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