Directional asymmetry and direction-giving factors: Lessons from flowers with complex symmetry.

For the asymmetric component of shape variation in the falls, differentiation among compass orientations was clearer, with less overlap of confidence ellipses for the CV scores (Figure 3d ) and clearly significant results in the permutation test (Goodall's F = 4.73, p < .0001; Pillai's trace = 0.152, p < .0001).

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There was only limited overlap among confidence ellipses of the CV scores (Figure 4d ), and the permutation tests yielded highly significant results (Goodall's F = 2.615, p < .0001; Pillai's trace = 0.134, p < .0001).

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For compass orientation, all ANOVAs produced nominally significant results (falls: F 5, 1372 = 3.12, p = .0082; standards: F 5, 1372 = 2.31, p = .042; style branches: F 5, 1374 = 2.60, p = .024).

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