Association of Pre- and Perinatal Risk Factors With Tourette Syndrome or Chronic Tic Disorders in a Korean School-Age Population.

Multivariable analyses In this final model, the demographic variables of male sex and a family history of tics remained nominally significant (OR=2.89, 95% CI 1.12–7.44, p=0.03 and OR=5.57, 95% CI 1.31–23.69, p=0.02, respectively), but parental age and parental education level were no longer associated with TS or CTD.

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In contrast, negative reactions to pregnancy showed a trend-level association with an increased risk of TS/CTD, but was no longer significant after adjusting for the covariates ( Table 2 ).

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