Intravesical BCG in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer induces trained immunity and decreases respiratory infections.

However, a borderline significant result was found for EHMT2 (p=0.0005 for progression-free survival after BCG induction and maintenance).

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77 Furthermore, two defined TI candidate genes, GBP1 and GBP2 , involved in inflammasome activation, 78–81 showed strong but borderline non-significant evidence for increased gene expression (log2 FC: 0.83; p adj =0.052 and log2 FC: 0.54; p adj =0.114).

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Among the candidate genes that did not reach statistical significance after multiple testing, we found that in addition to GBP1 and GBP2 , also GBP4 and GBP5 were upregulated ( figure 4B ) Interferon regulatory factor 1 ( IRF1 ), an upstream transcription factor that regulates GBP gene expression, and the cytosolic DNA sensing receptor AIM2 , which is activated by GBPs and IRF1, 78 82 were upregulated as well (at p unadj <0.05).

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