Imaginary pills and open-label placebos can reduce test anxiety by means of placebo mechanisms.

Nevertheless, although the overall between-group effect on the subjective sleep quality at study endpoint failed to reach statistical significance, F (2, 169) = 2.73, p = .068, contrasts indicated that both intervention groups showed better subjective sleep quality compared to the CG, t (169) = − 2.40, p = .017, d = − 0.39, with no significant difference between the intervention groups, t (169) = 0.06, p = .952, d = 0.01.

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Also, the effect of time was significant with an increase of general well-being in the IP ( p adj < .01), but not in the OLP ( p adj = .191) group, whereas general well-being in the CG showed a trend to decrease ( p adj = .071).

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