Excerpts

The incidence rate showed a positive trend over 11 years for all age groups and syndromes.

There was a positive trend in the association between schooling and odds of TB cure, especially in the case of secondary schooling, with 1.72 odds of cure (95% CI 1.30–2.29) compared to illiterate individuals.

For both groups, odds ratios for contrasts between 2014 and 2019 were in the direction of continued lowering of the odds of ever smoking, though were of borderline significance for the whole sample only.

greater tolerance) of others’ smoking over time, with contrasts of 2007 and 2008 with 2014 marginally significant, and further decline evident from 2014 to 2019, although smaller and not significant for children of smokers.

Generally, in each output, the Z-score is high and positive with a highly significant p -value which showed 99% confidence for clustering of undernutrition across regions in Ethiopia (Fig. 2 A-D).

Based on our time series modelling, there was an increasing trend in the cases of diarrhoea among children under the age of 5 years during 2013–2017, and our projection showed that this trend will continue up until year 2020, all things being equal.

Another Cochrane review published in 2016 found that legislative smoking bans clearly lead to a reduction in exposure to SHS, strong evidence from the included studies supports a decline in admissions for acute coronary syndrome and a weak trend for a decrease in active smoking [ 30 ].

Moreover, evidence shows a decreasing trend in active smokers over years following smoking bans.

Patient delay The median time between symptom onset and first healthcare contact presented an increasing trend over the years, ranging from 33 days in 2008 to 44 days in 2017 (11 days difference) (Fig. 2 ).

However, higher satisfaction in the home office of the risk cluster is almost significant, interestingly in the opposite direction to the hypothesis.

In a study conducted in Hubei Province, China, the results of the spatial pattern of the Moran coefficient showed spatial clusters with an increasing trend and a sudden change, revealing that the high concentration of population caused the outbreak of the Corona-virus in the province [ 23 ].

The insufficient HPV knowledge may result from participants’ low capacity to obtain HPV-related information, a tendency we observed in our data that was only marginally significant.

For breast cancer in mothers, baseline rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months after birth were used, as evidence suggests that the effect of breastfeeding on the incidence of breast cancer may be significant from 6 months of breastfeeding onwards [ 17 , 18 ].

There was an increasing trend of vivax cases.

This population could be considered self-selective as only 22% of FSW and 17% of MSM continued taking PrEP up to the third month, and there may be significant differences in risk-compensation between those who continued with PrEP and those who did not.

Exclusively formula feeding was observed in 5% of 0-3.9 m infants with an increasing trend to 26% in 4-5.9%, rising to 33% at 6-11.9 m and reaching a peak of 51% at 12-23.9 m.

An increasing trend in 2021/22 has been observed though this must be viewed with caution as the data only consist of data from April 2021 to June 2021 (see caveats in Fig. 4 ).

Vaccine coverage from the COVER collection indicates a decreasing trend in coverage from 2015/14 to 2018/19 from 94.2 to 92.6%.

Conclusion This intervention may have worked, but globally the results are mixed and not quite significant.

This categorisation is conceptual (bullying concerns repeated acts), but supported by empirical research showing large and highly significant psychometric differences between these two groups on internalising problems [ 26 ].

In the second cluster, we have a sharp increasing trend at the first 4 weeks, and then a decreasing trend starts and continues to week 20.

H2: RAC will show an increasing trend from the pandemic in cross-border inflow countries compared to H1 countries.

Operationalising the hypothesis and taking into account the effect on RAC of changes to cross-border purchases, this paper predicts the pandemic to have the following effect on RAC: H1 : RAC will show a decreasing trend from the pandemic in countries with low levels, or net low levels, of cross-border purchases of alcohol.

It fluctuated between 8.1 and 9.0 during this period, having two Joinpoints and showed an increasing trend in initial years until 2007 after which it declined for a few years before flattening from 2010 onward (AAPC: 0.0; 95%CI:-0.8 to 0.8) (Table 2 ; Fig S 1 in Supplementary Material).

A study performed in Bavaria showed an increasing trend from 1982 to 1997 [ 6 ].