Excerpts

For the as-spun filaments ( Figure 7 a), a clear trend is observed where the (110) peak width increases from f 1 (0.26°) to f 5 (0.32°).

The resulting maximum equivalent stresses were 660.3 MPa, 645.2 MPa, and 572.7 MPa, respectively, indicating a decreasing trend with increasing length.

Significance hierarchy is determined by F -value thresholds relative to critical values: when F -value < F 0.05 (4,20), the factor is non-significant, denoted by *; when F 0.05 (4,20) < F-value < F 0.01 (4,20), it is a marginally significant factor, denoted by **; when F-value > F 0.01 (4,20), it is a significant factor, denoted by ***; and when F-value is significantly greater than F 0.01 (4,20), it is a highly significant factor, denoted by ****.

The EDS analysis significantly demonstrated the presence of TiC in the different mixtures of 1–5 wt.%, even though the percentages of TiC present did not show an increasing trend similar to the density.

A clear trend is observed: as the surface roughness increases, i corr and R corr decrease, while the φ corr shifts toward more positive values.

That work also reported an increasing trend in hardness with increasing TMS concentration.

Associated reductions in yield and ultimate strength were limited and within experimental variability but followed a decreasing trend consistent with section loss.

After the temperature is reduced to the inflection point, the martensitic transformation rate is reduced, the heat shrinkage strain is dominant, and the stress curve shows an increasing trend.

Here QHT gives a clear trend: the enhancement grows as the self-similar protrusion becomes larger.

A comparison of FFRP plates with different numbers of fiber layers revealed that, as the number of fiber layers increased, both the tensile strength and modulus decreased, and the elongation at break generally exhibited a decreasing trend.

Although these values are still classified within the lower bound of the “average” durability category according to the literature [ 221 , 222 ], they indicate a clear trend towards poorer transport resistance and a progressive approach to the threshold below which durability is commonly considered unsatisfactory (often reported around 100 Ωm).

[ 27 ] used shape factor and sphericity index to quantify aggregate shape characteristics and confirmed that aggregate shape significantly affects the overall performance of porous mixtures, with performance showing a decreasing trend as aggregate sphericity increases.

However, they had a large kurtosis coefficient and a clear left skew, indicating a significant trend towards data concentration.

As temperature further increased (above 250 °C), the microhardness curve exhibited a decreasing trend.

The lack of a clear trend in crystallinity could be attributed to several factors.

With increasing cylindrical shell thickness h , the overall response level exhibits a decreasing trend, indicating that increasing the shell thickness effectively enhances the structural stiffness.

The product distribution from the pyrolysis of TL coal was shown in Figure 3 b, with an overall trend similar to that observed for ML coal.

Laser power and wire feeding speed (A × C) is a marginally significant interaction term (F = 5.93, close to F-critical = 8.020).

As shown in Figure 11 , the yield strength (YS) of specimens S1, S2, and S3 remains at a relatively high level but exhibits a decreasing trend, with values of 1455.13 MPa, 1148.54 MPa, and 887.66 MPa, respectively.

It becomes apparent that the modulus M100 of both CaL- and kL-filled composites showed a decreasing trend with increasing GLE content.

On the other hand, as shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13 , the elongation at break of the kL-filled composites exhibited an increasing trend with the amount of GLE, rising from 341% for the reference to 571% for the composite plasticized with 15 phr.

It indicates that as the experimental temperature increased from 20 °C to 400 °C, the mean fatigue life and dispersion of both specimen types show a decreasing trend, reflecting the adverse effect of thermal environment on fatigue performance.

Examining the influence of particle size, quartz from all origins exhibited a decreasing trend in the angularity as particle size decreased.

It is also worth noting that the black particles in Figure 3 B, identified as M 23 C 6 carbides, show a decreasing trend in number density with increasing temperature.

As shown in the tables, the p -values for both models are less than 0.0001, indicating that the constructed response surface models are highly significant.