Excerpts

The low p-value of the model (0.0019) revealed that the model was highly significant ( p < 0.01) and it is highly unlikely (>99% confidence) that the large F-value of the model was attributed to noise.

The only exception was swertiamarin, which still showed a highly significant difference ( p < 0.01).

Reliability of the Assay Results The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2025 Edition), Volume IV, General Chapter 1431 “Statistical Methods for Biological Assays” specifies the requirements for each variation term in reliability tests: the regression term must be highly significant ( p < 0.01), R 2 must be ≥ 0.98, and the deviation from parallelism must be non-significant ( p ≥ 0.05) [ 22 ].

Moreover, a reduction in the plaque index produced was highly significant ( p < 0.01) at the end of the 21st day of clinical study.

Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, and highly significant differences were defined as p < 0.01.

Although the highly significant enrichment metabolic pathways ( p -value < 0.01) were different in the three comparison groups, the biosynthesis of phenolic acids, namely, the “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway, was included in the highly significant enrichment metabolic pathways in all comparison groups ( Figure S4, Table S3 ).

The model F-value is 30.7, which is highly significant ( p < 0.01), and the p -value of the out−of−fit term is 0.3261, which is not significant ( p > 0.05), showing that the equation is similar to the actual data.

Moreover, both OFB-L and OFB-H groups exhibited extremely significant reductions in MDA levels ( p < 0.01).

The correlation coefficients between antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content were positive and highly significant ( p ≤ 0.01) for the DPPH radical and significant ( p ˂ 0.05) for the ABTS radical in both samples.

Re and MET were highly significant ( p < 0.01), and Rg1 and Rd were significant ( p < 0.05) for the prolongation of nematode lifespan different from the KB group.

In these mice, oxaliplatin caused a highly significant ( p < 0.01) preference towards a colder plate of the two used in the experiment involving 30–35 °C ( Figure 1 G) and 40–45 °C ( Figure 1 I).

Differences were considered significant (*) for P < 0.05, highly significant (**) for P < 0.01, and extremely significant (***) for P < 0.001. 4.

The effect of the solid–liquid ratio on the polyphenols’ extraction was highly significant ( p < 0.01), and the impact of the additional ionic liquid and extraction time on the polyphenols’ extraction was also significant ( p < 0.05).

The linear term D, the interaction terms AB showed highly significant effects ( p < 0.01).

The determination criteria were the following: R 2 of the fitted 4-parameter curve of ≥0.98, regression item should be highly significant ( p < 0.01), and deviation from parallel should not be significant ( p ≥ 0.01).

The F value is 40.80, with a significance level of p < 0.0001, indicating that the quadratic model is highly significant ( p < 0.01).

The regression model is highly significant ( p < 0.01), and the misfit term p = 0.0865 > 0.05, which is not significant, confirms the validity of the model.

Effects of ACP-60-A, ACP-60-B and ACP-60-C on HK-2 Cell Viability As shown in Figure 11 , the survival rate of HK-2 cells in the Mod group significantly decreased compared to the Con group, indicating a highly significant difference ( p < 0.01).

The following p -values were categorized and interpreted as statistically significant: 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05: Significant ( p < 0.05); 0.001 ≤ p < 0.01: Highly significant ( p < 0.01); p < 0.001: Extremely significant ( p < 0.001).

coli K88 infection induced an apparently ( p < 0.05) down-regulated expression of Lf in some tissues (spleen, bone and muscle), but an extremely significant ( p < 0.01) up-regulation in other tissues (liver and kidney) ( Figure 3 A).

Statistical differences were considered significant when p < 0.05 (*) and highly significant when p < 0.01 (**) and p < 0.001 (***). 5.

The results show that among the test variables used in this study, A (ratio of water to material), B (extraction temperature), and A 2 , B 2 , and C 2 were extremely significant for the extraction rate of EUPS ( p < 0.01).

Differences were considered highly significant when p < 0.01.

For all moisture levels, MW treatment time had a highly significant effect ( p < 0.01) on the LA in the resulting flour, and the inactivation level achieved increased with increasing treatment time.

Total Phenolic Content (TPC) A highly significant effect of cultivar on the TPC ( p < 0.01) was established, with the R0 wine exhibiting a 45% higher content of phenolic compounds compared to J0 ( Figure 1 , Table S2 ).