Excerpts

We found an overall trend of lower slopes as time since exposure increased, indicating higher cross-neutralization.

Greater incidence of pinched hysteresis loops at higher amplitudes and lower frequencies For all three measurement methods, there was a clear trend that the higher the amplitude and the lower the frequency, the more likely it was to obtain pinched hysteresis loops (Table 1 ).

The average values of total supply for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 are 0.3451, 0.3387, 0.3276, and 0.3266, respectively, showing a decreasing trend, and the values of total demand are 0.0715, 0.0678, 0.0777, and 0.0811, respectively, with a rising trend in demand space.

3 , H(q) showed a nonlinear relationship with q value, and H(q) in all four experimental phases showed a decreasing trend with the increase of q value, revealing the inherent multiscale characteristics of this time-series signal.

In this particular scenario, the area of cultivated land is 70,856.34 km2, representing the largest area and the only type that exhibits an increasing trend among the four scenarios.

12 .(b), the maximum anchoring force of the roadway anchor cable anchor cable is concentrated in the range of 30 m, and the anchoring force in the range of 0 ~ 15 m shows an increasing trend, and the peak point position is about 15 m, indicating that this range is the section with strong mining influence, and the maximum anchoring force of the solid coal spandrel anchor cable, the coal pillar spandrel and the arch anchor cable are 303kN, 278kN and 268kN respectively, and the anchoring force in the range of 15 ~ 30 m shows a decreasing trend.

Although some moderate wet periods (SPI > + 1.0) are predicted around 2024–2026 and 2034–2036, their intensity and duration are further reduced under SSP5 in a clear trend towards persistent aridification.

For mid-term conditions, both scenarios project an increasing trend of water scarcity above baseline conditions, with a more pronounced increment of 9.4% in winter scarcity for the SSP5 scenario than the 4.8% increase projected under SSP1, indicating water stress levels possibly 50–100% higher than the baseline mean.

On the other hand, SSP5 would indicate a slight trend towards increasingly extreme drying conditions, e.g., -2.0 (Jan/Nov/Dec), where >-40% or lower from Near Normal boundary falls within the possible ‘’Severity’’ or ‘’Extreme severity’’ drying categories, possibly having less marked wet periods (e.g., + 0.2, ~+5% from average).

This close visual and statistical agreement was validated under assessed training data (2004–2018) and testing data (2019–2023) and showed that the model was capable of not only retrieving general seasonal trends, but also accurately resolving extreme hydrological events that are highly significant for operational planning regarding water and power.

These findings align with previous studies reporting that MMCs are uncommon anatomical variations, and their occurrence does not show a clear trend with age.

However, the comprehensive strength shows an increasing trend at 300 °C.

Overall, the results indicate that Na+ and Cl− were the predominant ions in the studied soils, reflecting a clear trend towards salinity, whereas K+ and HCO3− contributed the least to the ionic composition.

Habitat quality driving factors analysis During the period 1990–2020, the habitat quality of the Loess Plateau as a whole showed a decreasing trend, and its spatial distribution was characterized by relatively high habitat quality in the southeast and low habitat quality in the northwest, with the degree of degradation gradually increasing from the northwest to the southeast.

All pairwise comparisons yielded highly significant results ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 6.511 \times 10^{-12}$$\end{document} , \do

The group treated with Niosome showed a decreasing trend of infection, which finally ended in a score of 2.

Tree, shrub and herbs biomass (Mg ha−1) Highly significant variation was observed across compartments for most biomass and carbon density parameters of trees, shrubs, and herbs (Table 6 ).

12 , as the injection pressure increases from 20 to 26 MPa, the temperature field exhibits a clear trend of expansion and intensification.

A clear trend emerges, with torque and force increasing from CH to SC soil, while rotational speed decreases.

The results of ANOVA indicate that the overall model is highly significant as F-value 790.91 and the p-value is significant at 0.0001 level.

Carbon absorption in the remaining years fluctuated slightly but overall showed an increasing trend.

The findings indicate a clear trend of increasing Nu with rising Re.

1 A), and there is a notable trend toward increased calcification in aging VSMCs (Fig. 1 B).

3 a, after 50 cycles, the compressive strength loss rates for the four mixtures were as follows: FS-P1 (84.9%), FS-P2 (73.2%), FS-P3 (89.6%), and FS-P4 (98.6%), revealing a clear trend that higher binder content leads to greater compressive strength retention.

All groups exhibited an increasing trend in harmful pores, with the FS-P4 group showing the fastest growth—from 35 to 65% (an 85.7% increase)—attributed to its initially high porosity (35%) caused by aggregate packing and the synergistic expansion of pores by frost heave stress and sulfate crystallization pressure.