Neoadjuvant radioimmunotherapy in pancreatic cancer enhances effector T cell infiltration and shortens their distances to tumor cells.

The shorter distances between PD-1 + CD8 + T cells and tumor cells correlated with longer OS in PDACs following GVAX/a–PD-1/SBRT treatment; this correlation is nearly statistically significant ( P = 0.0889) ( Fig. 7A ).

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The higher density of PD-1 + CD8 + T cells is in a strong trend associated with both the longer, not shorter, distance between PD-1 + CD8 + T cells and M1-like TAM and the longer distance between PD-1 + CD8 + T cells and M2-like TAM (fig.

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The percentage of tumors with shorter distances between PD-1 + CD8 + T cells and PD-L1 + CSF-1R + myeloid cells in tumors following GVAX/a–PD-1/SBRT treatment (16/17, 94.12%) was higher than that in tumors following GVAX/a–PD-1 treatment (7/10, 70.00%); however, the difference did not reach statistical significance ( Fig. 6E ).

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