Multiplex Targeted Proteomic Analysis of Cytokine Ratios for ICU Mortality in Severe COVID-19.

The most significant cytokine differences ( p ≤ 0.01) identified across the three time-based groups are summarized in Figure 3 , while all cytokines, including those that did not reach statistical significance ( p > 0.01), are listed in Table 5 .

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The lack of a clear trend for MIP-1α in our data might indicate that the inflammatory response is highly heterogeneous in critically ill patients with some following the representative trajectories of cytokines like IL-6/IL-10, while others have atypical surges in chemokines like MIP-1α.

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These results parallel our manuscript findings ( Table 4 ), where APACHE II, SAPS II, and SOFA scores failed to reach statistical significance for mortality discrimination, underscoring the limitations of conventional scoring systems and advocating for enhanced biomarker-based predictive strategies.

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TNF-α ( p = 0.066) followed a similar pattern, with a 42.8% elevation and a 1.75 FC change, further supporting its early relevance despite borderline significance.

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