Comprehensive Evaluation of Probiotic Effects on Laying Hen Physiology: From Performance to Bone and Gut Morphology.

Animals (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12382959 · PMID 40867736

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0570

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0810

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.057so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Dirty egg production showed a numerical reduction over time, with a marginally significant period effect ( p = 0.057), but no significant difference was observed between the groups ( p = 0.183).

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approached significancep = 0.081so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Notably, total n-3 fatty acid content was significantly higher in the probiotic group ( p = 0.032), largely attributed to increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3), which approached significance ( p = 0.081).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the changes are subtle and did not reach statistical significance within the study period, geometric morphometric evidence reveals biologically meaningful adaptations consistent with enhanced bone robustness.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

No significant differences were observed in TOS ( p = 0.517) or TAS ( p = 0.061), although TAS values showed a trend toward higher levels in the probiotic group.

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