Dairy Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular and Bone Health Outcomes in Adults: An Umbrella Review and Updated Meta-Analyses.

We also evaluated excess significance bias, potentially arising from publication bias or selective reporting, using a chi-square test to compare the observed number of studies with nominally significant results ( p < 0.05) against the expected number.

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However, in postmenopausal women, the reduction approached significance (−3.87 ng/mL; 95% CI: −8.02 to 0.27) [ 33 ].

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In contrast, greater consumption of skim milk has been associated with a lower risk of CHD, but this did not reach statistical significance [ 23 ].

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