However, cyclists scored higher on sleep‐related behaviors, including sports‐related factors ( p = 0.035, d = 0.54), habitual sleep efficiency ( p = 0.012, d = 0.76), and showed a trend toward better sleep quality ( p = 0.055, d = 0.51) and greater total sleep behavior scores (ASBQ‐Total, p = 0.004, d = 0.82). 3.3.
However, the overall model again failed to reach statistical significance (F (3,56) = 2.01, p = 0.12), suggesting that although these factors are independently associated with CHO intake, their combined predictive capacity was not robust in this sample.
These findings reflect a clear trend across different athlete populations, with actual CHO consumption before races generally ranging between 3.3 and 7.3 g/kg/day, well below evidence‐based recommendations.