Association of vitamin D levels with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in children aged 12-18 years.

The overall association was highly significant ( p < 0.001), with a notable p -value for non-linearity at 0.002, suggesting a complex relationship rather than a simple linear trend.

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However, the results did not reach statistical significance.

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Notably, with the socioeconomic transformation and lifestyle changes, the prevalence of MAFLD in adolescents has shown a significant trend of younger age ( 3 , 4 ).

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Overweight and abdominal obesity were more common in participants with lower 25(OH)D levels, while metabolic abnormalities and steatosis showed a trend toward higher prevalence in these groups.

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