Postnatal choline supplementation improves sleep in a rat model of developmental alcohol exposure.

Although the interaction of Choline × Sex failed to reach statistical significance, a main effect of Choline on bout length among males during the dark cycle was significant [ F 1,49 = 3.912, p < 0.05], an effect driven by increases in bout length among ethanol‐exposed male subjects [EtOH + Choline > EtOH + Saline, p < 0.05] (Figure 3B ).

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During the dark cycle, there was also a main effect of Sex [ F 1,102 = 5.109, p < 0.05] and a Sex × Choline interaction on bout number that approached significance [ F 1,102 = 3.495, p = 0.064] (Figure 3C,D ).

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Although these effects did not reach statistical significance, trends were seen in females, regardless of developmental ethanol exposure [Choline: F 1,53 = 3.07, p = 0.08] (Figure 7C ) and in males exposed to Ethanol [EtOH × Choline: F 1,49 = 3.204, p = 0.08] (Figure 7D ).

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Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences software (SPSS Version 29; IMB Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) with significance levels of p < 0.05 and trend toward significance at p < 0.08.

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