Mechanobiological and neuromuscular responses to foot-position variations during front and back squat exercises.

COPy results similarly showed no significant differences across phases, with the largest deviation occurring during the front squat descent (F(2,11) = 3.29, p = 0.056, ηp 2 = 0.23), approaching significance and suggesting a possible trend toward increased antero–posterior sway in the forefoot-elevated condition.

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For the X-axis (Mx), which reflects sagittal-plane rotational torque, no statistically significant differences were detected in any phase (p > 0.05), although values during the back squat descent (F(2,11) = 3.32, p = 0.055, ηp 2 = 0.23) and front squat descent (F(2,11) = 3.33, p = 0.055, ηp 2 = 0.23) approached significance, suggesting only a moderate influence of foot positioning on sagittal-plane torque generation.

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COPy results similarly showed no significant differences across phases, with the largest deviation occurring during the front squat descent (F(2,11) = 3.29, p = 0.056, ηp 2 = 0.23), approaching significance and suggesting a possible trend toward increased antero–posterior sway in the forefoot-elevated condition.

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The forefoot-elevated condition showed a trend toward greater antero–posterior adjustments, consistent with its forward weight-shift characteristics ( Ottinger et al., 2023 ).

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