Healthcare utilization and cost analysis by social determinants of health: a prospective cohort study in Catalonia, Spain.

The intercept of €97.98 was highly significant ( p < 0.001), establishing a substantial baseline testing cost.

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In the multivariate analysis, the effects of age and social determinants on primary care visits remained robust ( p = 0.010 and p = 0.020, respectively), while the effect of social determinants on pharmaceutical costs showed borderline significance ( p = 0.049).

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This finding should be interpreted with caution given the exploratory nature of this secondary analysis The most consistent finding across cost categories is the positive association between SDH presence and healthcare expenditure, with statistically significant effects observed in primary care visits ( p = 0.006) and borderline significant effects in pharmaceutical costs ( p = 0.049).

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€268 annually, approaching significance at p = 0.057) merit particular attention.

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€268, p = 0.057), though this difference did not reach statistical significance after multiple comparison correction (Table 8 ).

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Although ophthalmological references showed a trend towards higher rates in the ySDH group (10.1% vs 5.4%, p0.00.035), this difference did not hold meaning after the multiple comparison correction (Appendix 5 ).

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