Impact of educational agents on student's learning outcomes: a meta-analysis.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC12973282 · PMID 41815245

Europe PMC DOI

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closest p

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Conversely, learning engagement (effect size = 0.28) and learning interest (effect size = 0.25) exhibited small positive effects that did not reach statistical significance.

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failed to reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Conversely, spatial ability (effect size = 0.38) and problem-solving skills (effect size = 0.35) demonstrated modestly positive effects that failed to reach statistical significance.

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marginally non-significantno p-value reported

p -values between 0.05 and 0.10 are described as marginally non-significant to reflect weak directional trends, but these do not meet conventional standards for meaningful effects.

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near-significantno p-value reported

These near-significant p-values reflect a weak directional trend but do not meet the α = 0.05 threshold for statistical significance—unlike the fully significant effects observed for learning motivation ( p < 0.001) and attitude ( p < 0.001), which are robust.

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